Knowing and Knowledge Essay

Of Mary TMCCA Patterns of Knowing and Knowledge It is suggested that there are five patterns of knowing and knowledge in nursing. A nurse must develop and balance all of these patterns of knowledge in order to be effective. As in all of nursing, nurses refine these patterns with experience and reflection throughout his or her career. This knowledge is interrelated, interdependent and overlapping. Nurse, as any other profession develop their own pattern of knowledge as part of their profession, nursing being a unique profession with a unique pattern of knowledge because it requires intellectual knowledge, technical skill and is considered an art (Rutty, J. E. 1998). The first pattern of knowledge is emancipatory knowledge. This concept challenges the nurse to recognize the sometimes-subtle social and political ramifications influencing his or her practice and patient care. The nurse must first recognize that something is wrong, and then have the courage to meet the challenge to attempt to change the status quo (Chinn & Kramer, 2011). Hegemony is the ability of a certain group or dominant class to influence or control another population or group and influence them to accept their view. The hospital environment and relationships within them can be considered hegemonic, therefore, nurses learn early in their education that is conflict is common between hierarchies within institutions. Nurses learn early in their careers that hegemony can cause disharmony in their practice (Clare, 1993). In order to utilize this practice or pattern of knowing the nurse must question not only what is wrong with the picture but also who is benefiting from the status quo. It is assumed that the disadvantaged population or individual is not free to choose from the options that more advantage persons would be able to choose. The nurse must ask critical questions such as what is wrong with this picture and who is benefiting by keeping the status quo (Chinn & Kramer, 2011). Ethical knowledge in nursing has to do with doing no harm and doing what is right. Ethics asks what is right and who is responsible? Nurses are challenges daily in clarifying their values and exploring their alternatives when ethical dilemma’s occur in practice. Various techniques that can be utilized for this process, however the nurse must be aware that this process is likely to be emotionally charged, as it will challenge his or her deeply held values and belief system. The nurse must also explore other avenues of resolution to the problem from the viewpoint of facts and logic. The use of an ethical decision tree is often useful when making an ethical decision, as it add clarity to the situation. Ethical knowledge in nursing operates within fundamental principal and codes. These include such principles of autonomy and benevolence. These are guides to our practice of what the right thing to do (Chinn & Kramer, 2011). Griepp’s model of ethical decision making suggests that the nurse has personal belief systems and values however through education and knowledge development has the ability to change his or her beliefs or values. The nurse has the responsibility to always be aware of outside influences on his or her decision-making and carry out right behavior and knowledge (Griepp, 1992). Ethical and Moral Comportment is a term that refers to how nurses or individual behaves or acts morally relative to what they know ethically. This requires the nurse to integrate all patterns of knowledge into the decision-making process. Ethics being the knowledge of what is right, morality being the behavior or heart of what is right and is based on values. An individual has moral integrity when they behave in a manner that is consistent with their ethics. When nurses are unable or unwilling to maintain moral integrity they get moral distress. There are four types common ethical perspective in nursing. Teleology refers to what is right produces good. This concept often refers to the justification for the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Deontology refers to the principle that what is right may not necessarily produce a good outcome. When this principle is followed, it may be the right thing to do in the circumstance, but may cause harm. These two principles are often in conflict. The principle of relativism suggests that what is right in one culture or society may be different on another. This suggest that depending on time and place in history, what is right may change. Virtue ethics suggests that the person involved is important in the decision- making. The character and values or virtues of the person determines the ethical decisions made. The definition of virtue can be troubling when utilizing this principle, especially when referring to nurses as it is comprised of a high percentage of women, whose virtues tend to be obedience, submissiveness and self-sacrificing (Chinn & Kramer, 2011). Personal knowledge is the most difficult knowledge for nurses to describe and develop as it takes much introspection, interaction and experience. It is complex and unique to each person yet fundamentally one of the most important patterns of knowing (Rutty, 1998). Personal knowing is rooted in the central questions of; do I know what I do? And Do I do what I know? This concept is spiritual in nature as ones values, attitude and hopes are linked to what they know about themselves and how they view the world, joy and suffering, realities, and how each person learns to be authentic and genuine. Personal knowledge is guided and learned by self-reflection, personal stories and being ones genuine self. The creative process of opening and centering guides it. This process allows the nurse to be present fully with other individuals, and develop the strength and character to be authentic and genuine with others. This allows the nurse to give meaning to the experiences he or she has lived (Chinn & Kramer, 2011). Once knowledge is obtained, it becomes personal knowledge; this is part of our humanness. At times, the nurse must become uncomfortable in order to seek out personal knowledge as he or she explores and reflects (Sweeney, 1994). Personal knowing is how a nurse just knows something is about to happen or about a situation or another person. Personal knowing is the experience of the situation without conscious reason (Chinn & Kramer, 2011). Personal knowing is what leads the nurse to intuitive thinking. He or she cannot tell you why she has this feeling that this will happen, he or she just knows (Sweeney, 1994). When the nurse has a strong sense of personal knowing it is empowering and gives the nurse a sense of community. The nurse values human life more fully and is more giving to others as he or she is more authentic and genuine both with him or herself and with others as they must attempt to view the perception of others (Chinn & Kramer, 2011). Aesthetic knowledge is the art of nursing and how nurses find meaning and significance in each situation. This pattern of knowledge provides the nurse with insight into the human condition. This insight gives the nurse appreciation and inspiration for the practice of nursing. This pattern of knowing and insight allows the nurse to know the unique meaning to unique situations and transform problematic situations into therapeutic situations instantaneously. As in other patterns of knowing this pattern utilizes creativity by the nurse. The nurse must envision the possibility of the best outcome for a given situation and design through experience of past knowledge and present relationship and state as the situation takes place. This must integrate all patterns of knowing in order to be effective. While this is underemphasized in nursing practice, it is and integral part of nursing history. It is the heart of nursing excellence as it embodies mind, body and spirit to form the art and caring of nursing. This pattern of knowing takes discipline on the part of the nurse, as he or she must rehearse situations in advance (Chinn & Kramer, 2011). This pattern of knowing requires the nurse to be fully engaged and he or she must interpret each situation by looking beyond what is happening at the moment and envisioning various possibilities. One cannot fully explain in the form of language the art of nursing, however the nurse shows the art through interactions and skills (Mantzorou & Mastrogiannis, 2011). This pattern of knowing requires the nurse to know what it means to experience health as well as illness. Synchronous movements with ones language are important in this knowledge. The art of body language and touch is embodied with language skills. Eye contact, touch, facial expressions, tone and language skills are all important. When the nurse’s body language and tone matches what he or she is saying and he or she engages in therapeutic touch, language skills and body language skills a therapeutic environment is created. This therapeutic environment translates to aesthetic nursing (Chinn & Kramer, 2011). Empiric knowledge can be viewed as the science of nursing. This is the knowledge that is based on the senses. What can the nurse see, hear, touch, smell and possibly taste. They are the facts, figures, graphs, descriptions, and predictive relationships. Empirics can be validated and are viewed the same by all individuals, they are concrete (Mantzorou & Mastrogiannis, 2011). This being said, there are several dimensions to empiric knowledge as one must define the conceptual meaning of any given word or concept as it may have different meaning dependent on culture, the situation it is used, or past experience of the person imagining that word. Some concepts are based n continuums. The concepts of cardio-vascular health can be defined in many ways along the continuum. It would need to be more specifically defined along the continuum in order to be valid and clarifies an empiric concept. This creates identifies assumptions, clarifies context for theories, and designs relationship statements. Empiric theory can be defined in a number of ways. Chinn and Kramer (2011) describe empiric theory as â€Å"A creative and rigorous structuring of ideas that projects a tentative, purposeful and systematic view of phenomena†. This process requires creativity, rigor, structure, purpose and tentativeness on the part of the nurse (Chinn & Kramer, 2011). The fundamental concept of the servant leadership is relationship. One must have relationship with self and with others. This relationship relates to nursing as relationships and personal knowledge and self-reflection is an integral function of all patterns of knowledge. Listening, self- awareness, empathy, foresight and personal and professional growth all contribute to healing of self and others by a servant leader.

Media Formulation

Medium formulation is an essential stage in the design of fermentation process. Most fermentation media require liquid media, although some solid-substrate fermentations are also operated. Fermentation media must satisfy all the nutritional requirements of the microorganisms and fulfill the technical objectives of the process. There are several stages where media are required in a fermentation process; inoculum (starter culture), propagation steps, pilot-scale fermentations and the main production fermentations.According to Cruger W and Cruger A (1990); on a large scale, the sources of nutrients should be selected to create a medium which should meet as many as many possible of the following criteria: i. It should produce the maximum yield of product or biomass per gm of substrate used. ii. It should produce maximum concentration of product or biomass. iii. It should permit the maximum rate of product formation. iv. There should be the minimum yield of undesired products. v. It shoul d be of a consistent quality and be readily available throughout the year. vi.It should cause minimal problems during media preparation and sterilization. vii. It should cause minimal problems in other aspects of the production process particularly aeration and agitation, extraction, purification and waste treatment. The initial step in media for media formulation is the examination of the overall process on the stoichiometery for growth and product formation. The optimization of a medium should be carried out such that it meets as many as possible of the seven criteria. Different combinations and sequences of process conditions have to be investigated to determine growth conditions (Stanbury P.F and Whitaker A; 1995). Medium optimization can be carried by the classical method, in which one independent variable is changed while keeping all others at a certain level. An aerobic fermentation process may be represented as: Carbon and energy source + Nitrogen source + O2 + other require ments Biomass + products + CO2 + H2O + heat This primarily involves consideration of the input of the carbon and nitrogen sources, minerals and oxygen and their conversion to cell biomass, metabolic products.Based on this information, it should be possible to calculate the minimum quantities of each element required to produce a certain quantity of biomass and metabolite According to Prasanthi V et al (2008); Chlorella vulgaris is a green, spherical, single celled fresh water microalga belongs to the phylum Chlorophyta. As per the study conducted so far it is found that green algae are the highest source of chlorophyll in the plant world and particularly, Chlorella one of the members of green algae is the richest source of chlorophyll which is widely used as a health food and feed supplement.The aim of this work is to design different medium types to evaluate optimization combinations for maximum growth, morphology and pigment content of C. vulgaris. Effect of glucose Three differen t volumes of glucose from apple juice while other variables are kept constant. The volumes that were used are 5g/l, 15g/l and 30g/l. The highest chlorophyll production (12%) was obtained with a glucose concentration of 15g/l. Glucose is used as a carbon source which is required for all biosynthesis leading to reproduction, product formation and cell maintenance. It also serves as the energy source.Carbon requirements may be determined from the biomass yield coefficient (Y), an index of the efficiency of conversion of a substrate into the cellular material: Ycarbon (g/g) = biomass produced (g) __________________ Glucose substrate utilized (g) An increase in glucose concentration of 30g/l resulted in the production of chlorophyll being at a constant this is because all the active sites of the microorganism are occupied and active carrying out biochemical reactions. At low glucose concentration of 5g/l very little biomass (chlorophyll) is obtained and also there is low growth rate.Thus , glucose concentration significantly influences chlorophyll production and microbial growth of the microorganism. Constraints that can be generated include the fact that apple juice not only contains one type of sugar, glucose but also contains other sugars (fructose and sucrose) which the microorganism can either utilise for growth resulting in us not obtaining accurate optimization results and also the other sugars can inhibit the growth of the microorganism. Apple juice also contains soluble pectin these can be difficult to digest hence a reduction in biomass.Effect of nitrogen from defatted soya Nitrogen being important constituent of the cell protein was needed for algal growth, either in combined or in molecular form. It is also a component of proteins nucleic acids some co-enzymes. Industrially important microorganisms can utilize both inorganic and organic nitrogen sources. Inorganic nitrogen may be supplied as ammonium salts, often ammonium sulphate and diammonium hydrogen phosphate, or ammonia; these can be used in place of defatted soya. Ammonia can also be used to adjust the pH of the fermentation.As nitrogen deficiency develops the amount of chlorophyll in the cells decreases faster than the nitrogen content in C. vulgaris. Nitrogen is a limiting factor if continually increased it can inhibit the production of chlorophyll. Varying concentrations of nitrogen were used i. e 0. 3g/l, 0,6g/l and 2. 0g/l. At 0. 3g/l little chlorophyll is obtained this is due to the fact that nitrogen being a macronutrient it is required in high concentration. At 0. 6g/l high yields of chlorophyll are obtained and at 2. 0g/l nitrogen turns to be a limiting factor and can lead to culture toxicity.Constraints can be generated when using Ammonia as a substitute for defatted soya this is due to the fact that ammonia leads to high pH which results in a precipitate formation in the medium but lower pH of the medium prevent the precipitation. Foaming in a microbiological proc ess is due to media proteins that become attached to the air-broth interface where they denature to form stable foam. Non-treatment of foam may block air filters, resulting in loss of aseptic conditions. The foam production can be controlled by addition of chemical antifoam. Natural antifoams include plant oils (e. g.Soya, sunflower and rapeseed), hence defatted soya is used as a nitrogen source rather than ammonia. Also high concentrations of ammonium ions can be toxic to cells of the microbe. Effect of Mg2+ MgSO4 can be used as the source of magnesium. It promotes the maximum growth of the present alga and it is also incorporated as an enzyme co-factor component of chlorophyll. Three salt concentrations were used 0. 1g/l; 0. 5g/l and 1g/l. At low salt concentration of 0. 1g/l it results in a magnesium deficiency which interrupted cell division in Chlorella which results in abnormally large cell formation. Increase in salt concentration of 0. g/l and 1g/l of magnesium alone in the medium resulted in higher cell number, although increase in nitrogen alone did not make much difference that means cells need magnesium to synthesize chlorophyll. The process of multiplication requires a larger concentration of magnesium in the medium than does the production of cell material. Iron uptake is strictly required to optimize the process. References 1). Crueger W and Crueger A. 1990. A Textbook of Industrial Microbiology. Oxford. Panima Publishing Corporation. 2). Stansbury P. F and Whitaker A . 1995. Principles of fermentation technology. New York. Pergamon Press. 3).Prasanthi V, Yugandhar M. N, Vuddaraju S. P, Nalla K. K, Raju C. A. I and Donthireddy S. R. R. Optimization of the fermentation media using statistical approach and artificial neural networks for the production of chlorophyll by Chlorella vulgaris. International Journal of Natural and Engineering Sciences. 2008. 2 (3): 51-56 CHINHOYI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY NAME: Ngara Tanyaradzwa R REG NUMBER: C1110934J C OURSE: Process Optimization and Production COURSE CODE: CUBT 208 PROGRAM: BSBIO Level 2:2 Assignment: 1 Lecturer Dr Zvidzai

Factors Affecting Female Achievement Essay

The definition of education guiding mainstream schools today is that education is the delivery of knowledge, skills, and information from teachers to students. While the above metaphor—education as a delivery system—sounds reasonable, it misses what is most important about education. This mistaken idea of what true education is and how it can be achieved is the root problem in mainstream education today. This conception of education contributes to harming students and teachers by driving policy makers to insist on accounting for the â€Å"units† of information that students demonstrate knowledge of on tests. The perceived need for mass scale standardized outcomes leads to a kind of instructional bookkeeping that drives administrators to control teachers’ behavior, which in turn is directed to controlling students’ behavior in ways that increases symptoms of anxiety, depression, and other forms of diminished psychological well-being. Student outcomes as measured by tests bear little relationship to true education, and so the instructional bookkeeping scheme is a failure even before the harm it causes is taken into consideration. [[SIDEBAR: Check out my video about Waiting For Superman to see how the delivery metaphor was presented in that movie as an utterly obvious truth for mainstream audiences, much to my chagrin.

Film analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Film analysis - Essay Example Yet sometimes, rarely, like an Aquarius where all the planets form a line, every aspect of a film that could possibly go wrong does, and goes terribly wrong. Such was the case in Plan 9 from Outer Space, a film widely regarded as the worst film ever produced. Nearly every aspect of this film has some kind of problem with it, something that is almost miraculous in film making. I would argue that one of the worst offenders in this film was set design. The fact is, the sets look cheap. This is probably because they were cheap, as the film had a budget of only $60,000, which even in its era was not enough to make a high quality movie. But when dealing with black and white, texture is one of the only things that matter, and nearly every set that was supposed to be something spectacular (like a spaceship or a cockpit) had an incredibly flat look. It made it look like the set was made out of clay, or painted wood, but certainly not metal or any of the materials that would have actually been present. In contrast to the sets, I would argue that the costumes were actually a relative high point in the film. They were far from good, but they were not as obtrusively bad as other elements of the film. Part of this was because many of the costumes were just street clothes or army uniforms and that kind of thing, and are easy to make not distracting. Some of the costumes were terrible, but on the whole, the costumes were better than most other aspects of the film. Lighting was poorly done in an obtrusive way, sometimes being overly dark, other times overly light, and sometimes making it look like a staged play, with several spot lights on each subject. This is simply lazy and unacceptable regardless of budget or era. Acting was not terrible, but it was far from good. It was generally not believable, but in such a campy film believability is not necessary. The acting was over the top, but this was not a massive problem. The dialogue, however, was. From the opening scene through the rest of the movie, it was simply obtrusive and awful, and did not sound in any way natural. Furthermore, there were frequent continuity errors. The narration was one of the worst offenders, oscillating between mind numbing exposition and supposedly shocking reveals, such as â€Å"at the funeral of the old man, unknown to his mourners, his DEAD WIFE was watching!† (Plan 9). In other instances, the speakers fell into a question answer pattern that, while common in high-school screen plays, has no place on the silver screen. This was especially apparent in one exchange between grave diggers in the cemetery. Many of the aspects of the film described so far are simply bad execution. These are poor choices, made again and again. No one of them is absolutely ridiculous, but taken as a whole they certainly make a ridiculous package. Some of the editing done in post, however, was simply foolish. This film contains clips of another film, a vampire film that Wood had been working o n before it was canceled and the star died. While Wood clearly struggled to make them fit this film, even twisting the plot of an outer-space action film to be based heavily in a cemetery, these individual scenes still stand out horribly from the rest of the action. No film maker in their right mind would ever choose to insert unrelated clips into the narrative and try to pass it off as having a

Political culture and public opinion, the media Essay

Political culture and public opinion, the media - Essay Example Another influential body towards the public opinion forming is the media. Through the media information about various governments, operations are made available to the citizens and thus resulting in a change in their ideas considering the information relayed. One major attribute of the "new media" age is the ability to facilitate interactions among citizens, public officials, and media personnel through communication technologies (Lasser, 2012). Citizens are now able to share their opinions and play more significant roles in political happenings and also a feel for their political existence is considered an example being call-ins in various televised news programs and thus democracy is not in a crisis. The senate’s handling of the Anita Hill controversy shows that the Congress and its members care less about the public opinion. This is due to the fact many women were shocked as Anita Hill`s allegations were not taken keenly by a Senate that was highly male

Managing Radical Changes in an Organization Essay

Managing Radical Changes in an Organization - Essay Example The use of organizational teams by most organizations to implement radical changes has been a core recommendation by most scholars however, the requirements for these teams to be successful in the change implementation are not clear. However, the composition of the change teams and how they are selected, their motivation and influence of engaging with the employees on the need to make changing to the company, are critical to the success of the change implementation. In this study several theories are put in place to identify the strategies that any team carrying out change must observe for it to be successful. Nevertheless, the adoption-innovation theory, and the ability based theory of emotional intelligence proposes that the teams that observe the views of the employees, the team that uses the cognitive style will no fact be successful in the implementation of any form of change. Moreover, the leader of the team has a direct effect on the success of radical change implementation (A ntonakis 2009). ... While there might be several factors behind these failures, there is the underestimation of the quantity of time and the energy required that would create a new organizational culture so that the employees might be accepted and feel this change in the organization. Without employee engaging in any type of change, there is little realization of the profits or the required results. The organizational change is therefore a slow and dynamic process that needs careful planning. The external forces in the present economic and social environment have made many organizations to seek the best ways in which to adapt and implement the changes they need in the organization. Nevertheless, the need to maintain the legitimacy of the company and the need to maintain the viability of the resources (Armenakis 1999). Thus therefore, there is a need to focus on radical change initiatives for the organizations to benefit from any form of change they are about to implement. The radical changes in the mobi le banking industry are often associated with some form of risk and difficult to implement. Change Process Models According to Baron (1997), change is a slow and dynamic process in an organization. It consists of several phases that need to be successive. These he referred successive phases as â€Å"unfreezing, moving, and refreezing† (Barbuto 2006). Several other recent studies have based their ideas on this phase model and come up with related models that aim to show the practical aspect of the implementation of the radical changes by an organization. Baron (1997) asserts that the implementation of the radical changes in an organization is a daunting task and therefore throughout the

Analytical and synthetic cubism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analytical and synthetic cubism - Essay Example Cubism was founded by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, inspired by the artworks in African Sculpture, by painters Paul Cà ©zanne (French, 1839-1906) and Georges Seurat (French, 1859-1891), and by Fauves. Cubism was later divided into two branches, Analytical Cubism and Synthetic Cubism.Analytical Cubism is the first development phase of Cubism and was developed between 1908 and 1912. The Analytical phase consisted of analyzing the object and then breaking it down into basic geometric forms in the canvas.Synthetic Cubism, the second and more decorative phase of Cubism started after the Analytical phase in 1912. This phase was less complex than its predecessor phase.During Analytical Cubism the language of Cubism had become flatter, consistent, but also more ambiguous. In his portrait of Ambroise Vollard, Picasso fragmented a human figure into a number transparent geometric planes intersecting each other at a variety of angles, none of these planes giving the illusion of three dimens ionality.2 In this work, Picasso merged figure and environment, solid and void, background and foreground.â€Å"Synthetic Cubism was in part a reaction against the abstract tendency of the Analytical phase.†3 With his `Still Life with Chair Caning’ (1912, Musà ©e Picasso,Paris, France) Picasso invented a technique called collage (from the French word `coller’ meaning "to glue"). This started the second phase of Cubism known as Synthetic Cubism. Pasting pieces of paper or other material to the surface of painting is Collage. In his painting, Picasso used a piece of oilcloth. Soon both Picasso and Braque began using newspapers, wallpapers, advertising in their paintings implying that art can be created with anything and not just brushes and paint.2 During Analytical Cubism, the works produced by Picasso and Braque shared similarities in style since the objects were represented by geometric forms such as cylinder, sphere and cone. Whereas Synthetic Cubism was more like synthesizing several objects into a figure. The colors were minimum or almost non-existent in Analytical Cubism paintings. Many of the painting were entirely muted brown or grays. The main reason for this was that the two artists were concerned about geometric shapes. Synthetic Cubism on the other hand is more of a decorative phase of Cubism. Colors were reintroduced in synthetic cubism. For the decorative effort, bright colors were used, smooth and rough surfaces were contrasted with one another. Sometimes objects such as newspapers or tobacco wrappers were used in combination with painted areas.4 Abstraction was one of the main characteristics of Analytical Cubism. There was minimal resemblance with the real world as can be seen in the paintings 'Ma Jolie' (1911) by Picasso and 'The Portuguese' (1911) by Braque. The subject matter appeared to be structure of fragmented planes. In Synthetic Cubism both artists included stenciled letters, words (often pun) as a reaction against abstraction of Analytical Cubism.3 Right angles and straight-lines were mostly used in Analytical Cubism. Paintings were almost flat though sometimes in some areas the painting appeared sculptural, for instance in the painting Girl with a Mandoline' (1910), by Picasso. The synthetic phase of Cubism affirmed Cubism as a manipulative technique which plays games with both reality and perception, through the use of collage and letter stenciling. It also helped in accentuating its flatness. Picasso began to look at sculptures in a new way, due to his experience with collage, as an assemblage of parts rather than a shaped mass, which shows in the sculptures he made in 1912, riffs on the form of the guitar. Cubism as Modern Movement: Cubism is considered to be the most influential modern movement by many art critics. The reason being that Cubism gave a new meaning to looking at objects in a significantly different way from the one set during the Renaissance

Furniture Scenerio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Furniture Scenerio - Essay Example The sheet is very helpful in ascertaining the advantages and disadvantages of each course of action. An example of this is the data that compares the "benefits cost" among the alternatives. The data shows that indeed, the "broker" option yields the largest savings in wages, which can be very essential information if labor cost is forecasted to continuously increase. On the other hand, if equipment prices will continue to rise, the data will also be helpful in identifying the disadvantage of "hi-tech" and broker options. The Assets, Liabilities and Equity Information basically provide a glimpse on the financial health of the company. Particularly, it tells about the company's liquidity which may allow it to invest in hi-tech equipment or its liabilities record which can guarantee a source of leverage in case the current cash standing is not enough. The Accounts Receivable is also useful in determining possible source of cash in the future, while the equity information gives information into the ownership of shareholders in the company. The budget data and variance analysis helps to distinguish which of the inputs to production needs to be economized and which among these are kept within the budget. Similarly, variance analysis helps keep the cost within the budget. ... ct of interest for Guillermo as he also carries his own brand and his own type of products which are comparable and which may be in direct competition with the products that he distributes for other companies. As was stated, he still has the desire to retain hid high-end customer particularly for his flame retardant and stain resistant furniture, in which only he has the patent. Although, it was stated that the market for this is smaller compared to the finished coating, Guillermo has all the reasons to push more for his product than that of the foreign business partner. The conflict of interest might pose a serious ethical problem in the future which might ruin his relationship with the foreign manufacturer. Being a representative of another company whose product is in competition with your own will definitely affect your loyalty to the company. In fact, it is often a business policy for employees or business partners to avoid conflict of interest, such as Blue Cross' policy of avoiding situations where personal interests can run in contrast to the interest of the company (Blue Cross Blue Shield of Illinois). Conflict of interest, if not resolved, can create impropriety that can undermine confidence in the conflicted individual or organization (Wikimedia Foundations, Inc, 2009). The income information is still the most relevant information especially that it gives the direct comparison of the benefits and costs of each of the alternatives. It reveals specific details such as production capacity, direct costs and indirect costs incurred for every alternative. Looking at the future of the company, this information would be relevant and essential. In the field of Economics, each alternative represents the opportunity cost of the other decision. Comparing the benefits

Change management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Change management - Research Paper Example Planned change is a process where the company appoints an agent through strategic rationalization to assess the present issues and problems of the company (Blomme, 2012). It is worth mentioning in this regard that discrepancy analysis act as the base for planned changes within organizations which enables change agents to identify and sort the processes or aspects which should be inculcated or should be excluded from the business process (Goodman, Bazerman and Conlon, 1980). Emphasizing on this particular aspect, the report intends to present the basic need for successfully implementing a planned change in an organization. Therefore, the paper discusses the responsibilities and methods of the effective change agents. Subsequently, the report also intends to reveal some of the sensitivity issues raised by Bridges in relation to the implementation of planned changes within the organizational context. The ultimate aim of the discussion is thus concentrated on evaluating the possible stra tegies through which, the change agents could be effective in handling the issues raised by Bridges. Analysis of changes in organization In context of today’s market, there is continuous need for change in any organization. At times, changes are observed to occur voluntarily due to the influences created by external forces such as emergence of powerful competitors, change of government policies, consumer demand shifts and similar other variables. However, in certain circumstances, changes in the organizations are implemented through proper planning as per the needs or goals of the organization. For instance, in the modern day context, it has often been observed that companies initiate major changes in relation to its communication processes, the formation of employee-participation teams or establishing new product among others for the improvement of the business in today’s continuously increasing competitive environment. With the competition becoming more intense by th e every passing day companies are forced to make changes or initiate innovative ideas in their business processes to attain and preserve a leadership position in the industry (Daft, 2008). As per the current day context, the changes could be in regard to product or technologies or in relation to any other organizational concern. Changes in relation to products can be identified in terms of its quality and services over a certain period of time. In the similar context, technological changes refer to the specific alterations happening in the production or the distribution or communication processes of an organization. It is in this context that irrespective of the type of change, it is the foremost responsibility of the people to put collaborative efforts towards ensuring the desired outcomes. It is fundamentally owing to this particular reason that in order to implement planned changes in different dimensions of the organization, segregated teams of specialists are selected. These se gregated teams are further observed to operate following different set of policies and principles to that identified among other usual groups of organizational teams with the sole aim to provide new ideas of change to the business (Daft, 2008). When implementing changes in a planned way, organizations generally tend to follow a three step approach. The initial stage of planned change is often referred as ‘unfreezing’ where the change agents attempt to convey the existing

Two British newspapers select, construct and present news to readers Essay Example for Free

Two British newspapers select, construct and present news to readers Essay Analyse the way in which two British newspapers select, construct and present news to readers. In this essay I am going to look at two newspapers, one tabloid and one broadsheet, and analyse the different techniques used by them to select, construct and present news to their readers. I will do this by examining their news values, news sources and use of effective layout. I will also look at their use of key concepts in the production of news articles. I plan to look at The Sun and The Times. The definition of a tabloid is: In summary form; condensed. Lurid or sensational. This does accurately sum up what a tabloid is. A tabloid newspaper is a newspaper of small format giving the news in condensed form, usually with illustrated, often sensational material. The language used in The Sun is mainly mono syllabic language using simple language and a large proportion of the space is taken up by mastheads and pictures. This means the stories in tabloids are not only easier to read but also shorter. The language is very sensationalised in tabloids also, this is because they want to sell more papers and making stories more dramatic can do this. The amount of hard news that a paper decides to print is determined by the editorial policy of the paper. Tabloids do feature political stories, though they tend to prefer to focus on personalities of the politicians rather than the actual issues that may be relevant. The language used in broadsheets is very different. The language is mostly poly syllabic and much more subjective. They use more complex language and a large proportion of the space is taken up by text, broadsheets have less pictures and generally smaller mastheads. There is likely to be a much closer correlation between the news in the broadsheets and the TV news. In most cases the lead story will be the same. The order of importance in which the news has been ranked is also likely to be similar in the case of TV news and the broadsheets. Rupert Murdoch owns both the newspapers I have chosen to look at. The editor of The Sun is Rebecca Wade and the editor of The Times is Robert Thompson. Broadsheets are aimed mainly at class A, B and C1s. This is because they often have a higher interest in the issues of politics and finance. They are less likely to want to read gossip and news based around celebrities. Tabloid readers are, however, more of working class, categories C2, D and E and are usually less educated therefore would rather have a gossip page to read that is less challenging and demanding. However often newspapers will runt he same story on the front page. Newspapers have to tailor the story to its target audience. They will adjust the angles at which they look at it. A newspapers sources are also quite important in the way that they effect the way a story is written. Whereas broadsheets sources will be mainly manipulative, a tabloid will have more pluralist news sources. The way in which minority groups are represented in newspapers is very different. A specific example of this is the representation of Muslims since the incident on September 11th. The Sun actually wrote a story trying to stop prejudice toward Muslims in this country and tried to take a differing view to other pares. The Times has a similar view to all the other broadsheets, a very conservative view. Many of these newspapers are printing a bad representation of minority groups. This is more evidential in broadsheets because the people who read them hold more power. By putting across a bad representation of minority groups to these people they are effecting the way these groups are treated. The Times is a conservative paper with quite right wing views. The Sun, however, is now labour although it has been known to change its political standing and has become known as the paper that wins election. It helped Margaret Thatcher to win the conservative election in the 1970s and then in 1997 changed to labour and helped Tony Blair to come into power.

Washing Machine Embedded System Analysis

Washing Machine Embedded System Analysis In this following assignment we are going to see about the Embedded system and how it is implemented in home application and there is few reference about the language used in the embedded system and there few application of the embedded system. Embedded systems are basic electronic devices used to control, monitor or assist the operation of equipment, machinery or a plant. The choice of word embedded reflects the fact that these are integral part of the system. Uses of embedded system in our real life are increasing day by day. Children need such systems to play video games and to operate chocolate vending machine; Housewives need embedded systems for microwave, TV, music system, and other system appliances. ABOUT EMBEDDED SYSTEM: An embedded device can range from a relatively simple product for ex. a toaster to complex mission critical applications such as those used in avionics. A typical embedded device will have both hardware and software components. The hardware could be micro components such as embedded microprocessor or microcontroller. Microcontroller is relatively small, has an on chip memory, an I/O controller and other supported modules to do processing and controlling tasks. The software consists of applications that perform dedicated tasks and may run on Real time operating system which will be explained later in this unit. Embedded System may be either an independent system or a part of a large system. It is specialized computer system but not a general purpose workstation like a desktop or a computer. Such kind of systems is housed on a single microprocessor board with programs which are stored in ROM (Read Only Memory). Embedded system is usually a compact, portable and mass produced electronic devices. In the early days, embedded systems were designed using microprocessors like 8085. But nowadays, we are using a wide range of processors from other manufacturers. Before we want to the basic of an embedded system, we should see a wide range of its applications. In fact, almost all modern electronic devices use some sort of embedded system technology inside them and we always come across such devices: DVD players, air conditioners, printers, attendance machines, hand phone, digital camera, ATM machines, we will see some examples of embedded system in section 1. Now it is time to give a proper definition. Definition: Embedded Systems are devices which are used to control, monitor or assist the operation of an equipment, machinery or plant. The term control defines the main function of Embedded System because their purpose is to control an aspect of a physical system such as pressure, temperature and so on. Also the term monitor defines the progress of activities. Embedded Systems are extremely common in the home, vehicle and the workplace.  · At Home: Washing Machines, dishwashers, ovens, central heating system, burglars alarms, etc.  · Motor Vehicle: Engine management, security (locking or antitheft devices), air conditioning, brakes, radio etc.  · In Industry Commerce: Machine control, factory automation, robotics, electronic commerce office equipments. IMPLEMENTATION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM IN WASHING MACHINE: Washing machine supports three functional modes: i) Fully Automatic Mode: In fully automatic mode, once the system is started it perform independently without user interference and after the completion of work it should notify the user about the completion of work. This mode instantaneously sense cloth quality and requirement of water, water temperature, detergent, load, wash cycle time and perform operation accordingly. ii) Semi-Automatic Mode: In this semiautomatic mode in which washing conditions are predefined. Once the predefined mode is started the system perform its job and after completion it inform the user about the completion of work. iii) Manual Mode: In this mode, user has to specify which operation he wants to do and has to provide related information to the control system. For example, if user wants to wash clothes only, he has to choose wash option manually. Then the system ask the user to enter the wash time, amount of water and the load. After these data are entered, the user should start the machine. When the specified operation is completed system should inform the user. Remember that Modes should be a selectable by a keypad. A washing machine may have a System Controller (Brain of the System) which provides the power control for various monitors and pumps and even controls the display that tells us how the wash cycles are proceeding. Driving Motor Water pump System Controller Display Panel Sensor Inverter Unit The working of these components is as follows: i) Display Panel: It is a touch panel screen to control all the operations of a machine ii) Sensor: It measures the water level and appropriate amount of soap. Input devices for automatic washing machine are sensors for water flow, water level and temperature; door switch; selector knob or buttons for settings such as spin speed, temperature, load size and types of wash cycle required. iii)Water Level Sensor: It indicates beep sound when water level is low in washing tub. Door Sensor: It indicates beep sound when all clothes are washed that means now you can open the maching door and also you can move to your next phase. Next phase will be dry Phase. This phase also follows same concept for drying the clothes. iv) Driving Motor: Motor can rotate in two directions either reverse or forward. The forward direction drives the current in forward direction and motor rotates forward. The reverse direction driver does the opposite of it. A washing machine can maintain single motor in fully automatic or double motor in semi-automatic washing machine. Sequence of washing the clothes with this can be explained in few steps as follows: 1) Put on your dirty clothes on to the wash tub for washing 2) Put the detergent Soap (of your choice like Surf n Excel etc.) 3) Put ON the tap, water rushes inside the tub. Embedded Systems 4) If its electronic control , then by the press of the keys ,you could program , if its mechanical it shall something like an mechanical switches wherein you are allowed to operate for setting the wash time. 5) Now the wash motor rotates and washes the clothes and gives you a beep sound 6) Now your clothes are washed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦remove it from the wash tub and put it on the spin tub and program it accordinglyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦after spinning clothes are dried and you are allowed to hang it for proper drying in sunlight. The fully automatic also comes in two category front loading as well as top loading. i) Front loading is the one wherein you are given an opening to put clothes in on the front side. ii) Top loading is on the top. iii) System Controller: Such Component is used to control the motor speed. Motor can move in forward direction as well as reverse direction. System Controller reads the speed of motor and controls the speed of motor in different phases such as in Washing, Cleaning Drying etc. All kinds of Sensors such as Door Sensor, Pressure Sensor and Keypad, Speed sensor are also maintained by this. iv) Water Pump: The water pump is used to recirculate water and drain out the dirty water. This pump actually contains two separate pumps inside one: The bottom half of the pump is hooked up to the drain line, while the top half recirculates the wash water. The motor that drives the pump can reverse direction. It spins one way when the washer is running a wash cycle and recirculates the water; and it spins the other way when the washer is doing a spin cycle and draining the water. PROGRAMMING LANGUANGE USED IN EMBEDDED SYSTEM: Embedded systems are application specific computers that interact with the physical world. Each has a diverse set of tasks to perform, and although a very flexible language might be able to handle all of them, instead a variety of problem domain specific languages have evolved that are easier to write, analyze, and compile. The choice of programming language is very important for real time embedded software. The following factors influence the choice of languages: A language compiler should be available for the chosen RTOS (Real Time Operating System) and hardware architecture of the embedded system.  · Compilers should be available on multiple OSs and microprocessors. This is particularly important if the processor or the RTOS needs to be changed in future. The language should allow direct hardware control without sacrificing the advantages of a high level language. The language should provide memory management control such as dynamic and static memory allocation. So, we can categorize embedded programming languages in to two parts such as hardware language and software language. Hardware language: A hardware description language can be used to describe the logic gates, the sequential machines, and the functional modules, along with their interconnection and their control, in a embedded system. There are various languages used for this purpose as follows: VHDL VHDL is the Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language. It can describe the behavior and structure of electronic systems, but is particularly suited as a language to describe the structure and behavior of digital electronic hardware designs; VHDL is an international standard, regulated by the international languages. VHDL is suitable for use today in the digital hardware design process, from specification through high level functional simulation, manual design and logic synthesis down to gate level simulation. VERILOG Verilog HDL is one of the two most common Hardware Description Languages (HDL) used by integrated circuit (IC) designers. The other one is VHDL. HDL allows the design to be simulated earlier in the design cycle in order to correct errors or experiment with different architectures. Designs described in HDL are technology independent, easy to design and debug, and are usually more readable than schematics, particularly for large circuits. Verilog can be used to describe designs at four levels of abstraction: Algorithmic level (much like, C language code with if, case and loop statements). ii) Register transfer level (RTL uses registers connected by Boolean equations). Gate level (interconnected AND, NOR etc.) Switch level (the switches are MOS transistors inside gates). The language also defines constructs that can be used to control the input and output of simulation. Software language: Java and C++ are other programming languages which are used extensively for embedded system design. APPLICATION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM: We can categorize applications of Embedded System into various categories as mentioned in Table: Area Applications Aerospace Navigation Systems, Automatic landing systems, Flight altitude controls, engine controls, space exploration Automotive Fuel Injection Control, Passenger environmental controls, antilock braking systems, air bag controls, GPS mapping Communications Switches, Hubs Computer Peripherals Printers, scanners, keyboards, displays, modems, Hard Disk Drives, CDROM drives Home Ovens, Washing Machine, Digital Watch, Security Alarm, Sound Recorder Industrial Elevator Controls, Robots, Engine Control Instrumentation Data Collection, power supplies Medical Imaging Systems, Patient monitors, Heart pacers Office Automation FAX machines, Telephones, Cash Registers CONCLUSION: An embedded system is a single purpose computer built into a larger system for the purposes of controlling and monitoring the system. These are also known as special purpose computer system. In this assignment we came to know how the embedded system is implemented in the home applications and how it is useful for the human beings in a very good manner.

Food production and export goods

Food production and export goods Assess the advantages and disadvantages for poor country governments of food production over export goods. This essay argues that food production should be on top of the priority list of governments of the poor countries, because of the increase in of food prices globally at a time of global economic downturn and for the purpose of achieving food sovereignty and food security The discussion highlight the failure of export of goods strategies, and complexities related to connecting poor economies with global market as a result of recommendations by IFIs which focus on the advantages international trade. The essay slightly engages with debate around the incapability of those institutions, and their strategies to tackle the implication of world food problem in the context of the poor countries; using conclusion and critique of case studies as disadvantages to draw the food production as a favourable option in response to this problem. What poor countries means? In brief, and in order to identify what meant by poor countries. According to Paul Collier (2007) those countries falls entrapped in four major areas, including conflict affected countries, natural recourses even if the recourses are available they suffer from phenomenon such as Dutch Disease often perceived as miss management of resources, the problem of being landlocked, and poor governance which is combination of corruption and inadequate state administrative capacities together with other governance problems. Additionally to colliers list Foster (1992) outlines weak state infrastructures, which in this essay refers simply to poor or lack of: a transportation network, communication structures and technical capacities, which is axiomatically, refers to education systems and capabilities. For both authors the majority of population are very poor: landless poorly educated commonly superstitious etc. Within these countries the South Centre (2008) estimates that the bulk of population are consuming imported food; the centre argues the poor population are more vulnerable to rising food prices because food represents a high proportion of their total expenditure. In todays globalised world is facing the worse global economic downturn since the great recession of the 1930s. Food is not just an important need for nutritional of humans to survive, it became more of fact reflecting sovereignty and independence of the state; in the case of the poor countries if not in all countries at least for the majority-the state and its governing system is an inherited system from the economical relations of the colonial era. Food sovereignty could be more than a symbol for independence; it could work as basis for fair trade and development. In contrast FAO (2009) report establishes clear link between the global economic downturn and predict that it going to intensify implication on the poor countries as assuming decline in exports or capital inflows will soon occurs while the food import capacity (FDI, remittances and foreign aid).) Patrick Kendall and Marco Petracco (2009) critically assess the impact of food import Caribbean and the dependence on its import has made the region more vulnerable and exposed to international market supply shocks, which are expected to boost again due to increasing volatility nature of food in the global markets. They criticises the shifts from subsistence to cash cropping declined the ratio agriculture export earnings in GDP of the region from 9.7% in 1980 to 4.3% in 2004(p.783) while the ratio of expenditure on food imports to total foreign exchange earnings fell from 15% in 1980 to 9.7% in 2004, and the ratio to total imports fell from 15.5% to 8.7%.(p.785) On the basis of comparative advantages (which is not a static concept  [1]  ), division of labour and free trade was introduced hypothetically it makes all materially better off than they would be if individuals or communities tried to provide everything for themselves (George Kent, 2002). It was also assumed that within the globalization of world economy countries will be able to procure food from diverse sources and they will get the best prices through the open market. As a matter of fact trade does assist in growth of the economies of these countries either regionally (Coe N. M.; Hess M.; Yeung H.W.; Dicken P. and Henderson J. 2004) or globally (WTO, 2010). But this was never the case of food, where income of the poor among other mix variables influence the rate of under-nutrition and consequently it lowers fertility rates, human survival rates, health, and education capabilities of children, security and the overall energy of a country aspires development (Foster 1992). Howe ver, historically as in the case of sub Sub-Saharan Africa during the 1970s and 1980s integration into the world economic system at a time of historically unprecedented volatility in world food, energy, and capital prices. As a result of these burdens, smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa are very poor and are getting poorer (Delgado 1997 cited in Kent, 2002 p.2). While the world produces enough food for all the mankind currently (Kakar, Raziq, in 2009 FAO estimated that over one billion individuals are undernourished (FAO, 2009). After thirty years of falling global food prices in real terms, food prices have steadily increased since the year 2002. This trend began to increase in 2006 and prices rose even more sharply in 2008 (South Centre, 2008 p.14) indicating that food prices rose by 52 per cent (p.1). Using twenty equation econometric model R. McFall Lamm and Paul C. Westcott study on The Effects of Changing Input Costs on Food Prices proves that changes in factor prices r esults quickly in change of food prices the results also indicates that food prices increase rapidly than non food prices. Consequently, the increase in prices will ultimately lead to unrest in many poor countries; bearing in mind that as result of 2007 food prices increase, 30 countries experienced food riots where the worlds poorest people can no longer afford basic food (Georgia Miller, 2008). Unless international finance and trade institutions namely (WTO, IMF, World Bank) are reformed, there are no hopes for poor countries to compete in the global trade. Free trade remains elusive as long as the rich countries still applying production protection policies such as producers subsidy  [2]  and tariffs which represent at their end reflecting Export restrictions to the developing countries productions, while demanding them to open their market doors for the global trade (Wall 1999; kent 2002, Gowa 1994; OECD 2007; Coote 1996; Lloyd, P. J. 1999). The World Bank (2008) recognises this very well stating By removing their current level of protection, industrial countries would induce annual welfare gains for developing countries estimated to be five times the current annual flow of aid to agriculture and predicting that Poor countries that export cotton or oilseeds, such as Chad, Sudan, Burkina Faso, Mali, and Benin, stand to gain. Among the big expected gainers are Brazil, T hailand, and Vietnam. (p.11) So far no protectionist policies have been lifted. In fact the international finance and trade institutions have no strong influence upon the rich countries polices. Meanwhile, the reform agendas has been extended to cover the whole United Nations systems and structures; whereas the heart of the reform is in financing the global organisation(Gordon 1994; Mà ¼ller 1992). Having people as Jeffery Sachs (2010) the Harvard University Professor of Economics advocating the idea of taxing transactions between banks and financial institutions to raise funds for global issues like poverty. One might argue that the implementation of Aid for Trade programmes would also contribute to solving the crisis as they could help developing countries to integrate into international markets through trade. However, the impact of such programmes in boosting agricultural productivity is not clearly established (South Centre 2008 p.37) In contrast Kevin Danaher (2001) is calling for the abolishment of those financial and trade institutions building his argument in fairness and usefulness. Until the stalled trade negotiations (Hall-Matthews 2010) or reform around those financial institutions reach consensus or at least level of agreement, the situation on poor countries in term of faire trade and food security remain the same as early 1980s since threats of famine became more of curse in countries like Ethiopia (Hancock 1985) and Nigel Twose (1984) ) critics as cited in Hancock 1985 remains valid, when it goes to see the result of an IMF intervention in the third world is the acceleration of change in agricultural practices, resulting in even greater concentration on crops for export, at the expense of food crops for local consumption (p.124); in other words the land that should be feeding their people is producing food for European and north American consumers concluding that these systems lead to deprivation for million(p.127). Ironically, similar conclus ions to the 1980s rhetoric has being reached within the International Development Committee of Great Britain (2009) that the poor countries are losing billions of dollars every year to tax evasion by international companies and they need to be assisted to benefit from their own resources. Indeed that not every single poor country has enough resources for achieving food self-sufficiency which refers to 100% coverage of a nation needs (Dhliwayo 1988 p.15), nether food production refers to agro-grain it can also refers to aqua food such sea food fisheries or managing animal products; bearing in mind the advances in science that mankind has reached, and possible support food producers which could be through protection policies research and extension organisations (p.31) as in the case of farmers. The more they can produce the more secure the country becomes in term of development and stability. In general export of goods and engagement in trade may be an excellent way of making earnings for generating wealth at large scale, but creation of wealth as an end does not necessarily means the fundamental needs of the poor will be served, bearing in mind all the miseries that Europe has gone through during the industrialisation era. Export of goods might it not be a good way for securing fundamental survival necessity for the poor people, such as food and water. The whole Marxist literature is discussing that accumulation of capital makes few people richer; I mentioned this here to highlight that the propensity that expected from good exports and investment in production is contingent by many other factors and expectations such as profitability and success in competition with well established firms within unstable global markets and financial system undergoing a crisis the risk for that choice grows greater and greater. Indeed with the option to grow food there are also great risk s such climate change; which does not necessarily means drought, it could also takes the form of heavy rains and floods or any other natural disasters. At (page 1) I added weak infrastructures to Colliers(2007) similarities of the poor countries, this weak infrastructures hinders trade in global competition more than it affect agriculture, indeed any improvement in those infrastructure and capacities will have positive inputs toward these countries development. A clear example A clear example by Marc Wuyts(1993) who studies the case of Tanzania 1960s up 1970s when Tanzanias economic policy has centred an investment strategy with the aim to speed up economic development with assistance of aid and less concern for its consequences, he argues that not scrutinizing the consequences of the aid-driven state-led investment strategy in the context of an open and structurally fairly inflexible economy (p.160) which relied on few export crops in order to obtain hard currencies, has reduced the country growth rates which was assumed to be attained and has wrecked the economy to become aid dependent in both financing investments and imports of consumer goods. He continues to argue that while agriculture, which was not the main beneficiary of this strategy, it determined its unpleasant ending. Ray Bush (2000) discuss similar case of prioritising cash crops for export in Egypt where the International financial institutions reforms have failed to make the economic prospe rous; instead changes in diets and food purchases to economise on household expenses; extra labour time associated with searching for cheaper food in the souk and sales of livestock, jewellery and other household assets (p.242). He considers Market driven solutions fails to take into account the Egyptian rural people lifestyles and their way to address their uneven access to resources. He noticed that there is inadequate attention by the international agencies to the ongoing market failure, and the ways in which people are adopting themselves with crisis. Instead they are focused on notions of peasant ignorance and poor technology (p.248). Bartra, Roger and Otero, Gerardo (1987) conducted analysis cash crops in contrast with subsistence crops in Mexico, using prices and production data from 1940 to 1983 their analysis reflected a twofold crisis one is deterioration of peasant economy; the second is related the production of cash crops reflect the local capitalist crisis in the field of agriculture. While export of good requires government facilitation of trade processes (Collier 2007) and encouragement commonly understood as less state led interventions accordingly easier to perform. Normally the food production strategy makers expect governmental control and state led interventions; which varies from the level of land reform laws Foster(1992) and protection of producers policies to the level of micro support such as research and extension services for farmers(Ramasamy and Selvaraj 2007). But in principle the governments of poor countries are expected implement state led interventions and play more role than safe guarding the society. Conclusion Oversimplifying some issues How come I ask a poor hungry man to trade and invest?

Little Women by Louisa May Alcott :: essays research papers

Little Women by Louisa Alcott would definitely appeal to women of all types and ages. Little Women appeals to a broad audience, its full of the values and beliefs, and it paints a very real picture of most American’s lives at the time. The reason for this book appealing to such a broad audience lies in all the characters’ personalities. Mrs. March is a strong, independent woman who never falters, therefore she relates to all independent women; but she is also a mother who plants strong values in her girls and is the rock foundation of the family, with that she relates to all mothers. Margaret’s desire for luxury is a desire that we all can relate to and her properness is a trait most girls can relate to. Jo’s mischievous demeanor and talent for writing is something that if one cannot relate, admire to have. Beth is the insecure, sweet, homebody in all of us. Amy represents the beauty and talent, and sometimes moral code, which all women have. Laurie represents all the men that wish to be loved any uncommon-but-beautiful woman. This book is full of the values and beliefs of its time. The March family, that were once-upon-a-time a rich family, were still connected to the â€Å"higher† society. As a result, they were sometimes willingly and sometimes forced to commune with people who looked down on them for being poor. The book taking place during and after the period of the civil war there was a lot of tension concerning Blacks. Some of the values Mrs. March teaches her girls is the importance of never trying to be something there not; the unimportance of material possessions versus mental possessions; and that regardless of what the world told them, they are equal to men and therefore deserve equal rights. The book does a good job of directly and indirectly showing realness of all Americans lives. The whole book feels very real, probably because it’s an autobiography. One very real aspect of the book was the death of Beth. Many loved ones were lost to scarlet fever back then. That particular part of the book, along with being the most real, was the most touching. Despite her being a homebody and living a short life, she had a huge effect on everybody she knew. Another very real feature was the financial struggle of a family of five women and a father away at war at a time when women had no rights.

Honor in Prince Hal Essay -- Shakespeare Prince Hal Essays

Honor in Prince Hal Prince Hal’s destiny is shaped for him by many forces: his association with the ne'er-do-well Falstaff, the expectations of his father, King Henry IV, and the constant comparison between himself and Hotspur. All three of these forces create in Hal a sense of honor that is an integral part of his education as the ideal king, and throughout the action of Henry IV, Part I, Hal is gaining a knowledge of honor that will shape him into the King that he will become. However, it seems that Hal ultimately chooses one form on honor over the other, although he must compare the honor of Falstaff and the conceptual honor of a chivalric hero before he comes to a final conclusion. The first influence that Shakespeare illustrates over Prince Hal is that of Falstaff, a fat old man who seems to spend his life in seedy taverns accruing massive amounts of debt. From his devious scheme to rob unknowing travelers at the beginning of the story to his diatribe on what honor is not, it is clear that Falstaff has a very distinct notion of his own personal honor, and he seems to be trying to project that same notion onto Hal; however, as Hal becomes closer to his father, Falstaff's honor becomes less appealing. Falstaff treats Hal and King Henry IV to his own personal code of honor-or lack thereof: "Well, 'tis no matter; honour pricks me on. Yea, but how if honour prick me off when I come on? How then? Can honour set to a leg? No. Or an arm? No. Or take away the grief of a wound? No. Honour hath no skill in surgery, then? No. What is honour? A word. What is in that word 'honour'? What is that 'honour'? Air. A trim reckoning. Who hath it? He that died o'Wednesday. Doth he feel it? No. Doth he hear it? No. 'Tis ins... ...cing his role as the Prince and defeating Hotspur when no one in the kingdom believed he had the gumption or the courage to do so. Hal's plea to the King to "salve the long-grown wounds of my intemperance" and subsequent promise to "die a hundred thousand deaths ere break the smallest parcel of this vow" are the final turning points in the story that lead to Prince Hal being educated as to what it means to be an ideal and true King (3.2.155-159). However, there is still time for Hal's perspectives and values to be shaped and re-shaped by his father, the ghost of Hotspur, and the excesses of Falstaff, as well as by characters who have not yet been introduced, and in order to fully understand the transformation of Prince Hal, the reader must continue to King Henry IV, Part II and King Henry V to learn if Hal truly becomes an effective and charismatic ruler of England.

Happiness and Money

Money has become one of the main things In our modern life. Some people live their lives to earn money. They work hard, trying to earn as much money as they can. Some of them become crazy about It and lose their dlgnlty hunting money. They dont appreciate such Important things as family, friendship, love and other feelings. Such people become greedy, they spend their lives in loneliness. I don't deny that money influences our life a lot. As W. S. Maugham said † Money is like the sixth feeling ithout which you cannot make a complete use of the other five. I quite agree. A person can't be happy if he has no money to satisfy his natural needs. But I think that money should have a limit. A person shouldn't have too much money. It begins destroying him and becomes his curse. It is said in the Bible that â€Å"The love of money is the root of all evil. † Yes, big sums of money really bring dfferent problems because people feel very envious and Jealous of other's fortune. The m ajority of all the crimes are made because of money. I'm among the people who consider that money Is not ll-powerful.Humanity, dignity, intelligence, kindness and other good qualltles of a person can't be bought for money. We'll never be able to buy pure love, real friendship and loving and caring family. But life Isnt worth living without these things. It's not worth living if money has become the point of it either. 9HAeKC. AnpeKT Can Money Buy Happiness Can money buy happiness? Various people have various answers. Some people think that money is the source of happiness. With money, one can buy whatever he enjoys. With money, one can do whatever he likes.So, In their minds, money can bring omfort, security, and so on. Money, as they think. Is the source of happiness. But there are still a lot of others who think that money Is the root of all evil. Money drives people to steal, to rob, and to break the law. A lot of people became criminals just because they were in search of money. And in the Western countries, there is nothing that can t be bought by money. Many people lose their own lives when hunting it. I think that money is essential to life and we cannot do without money. But even though money is necessary to life, it can t buy happiness.Happiness s not something that can be measured by money. It is a state of mind. One can have plenty of money, with which he can buy whatever he wants, and at the same time he is not happy because he is never satisfied or he is troubled by various kinds of problems. Therefore, although money is necessary for a happy life, it can t buy happiness. People usually dont think too much about the meaning of money. The only Idea and concern Is to make more than they usually have. Of course having money Is a good thing because they give us the possibility to satisfy our needs and desires.People they don't usually think too much, the waste it buying expensive cars, eating out or buying expensive things Just for being in fashion. Y et, money has a certain feature â€Å"to come† easier to those who treat it well. Money tends to go to those who can use it in the most productive way to produce useful services and valuable goods and who has the ability to invest the in a profitable economical field. At the same time money uses to flow away from those who don't have the habit to use them in a profitable way. I think everyone should learn to save money and to invest it in rder to gain more.If we know the value of money we can easily manage it. It becomes a habit that leads to a successful life and career. The more effective period for learning the value of money is childhood because children usually don't value money because they don't know how much effort their parents put in their work in order to earn a certain some of money. Thus, parents are responsible for showing the real value of money when their kids are still small, than it will be much easier for them to value money without being even told about th is.

What Is Inclusion

What is inclusion ? Inclusive education is concerned with the education and accommodation of all children within the classroom, regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, or linguistic deficits. Inclusion should also include children from disadvantaged groups, of all races and cultures as well as the gifted and the disabled (UNESCO, 2003).Inclusion tries to reduce exclusion within the education system by tackling, responding to and meeting the different needs of all learners (Booth, 1996). It involves changing the education system so that it can accommodate the unique styles and way of learning of each learner and ensure that there is quality education for all through the use of proper resources, appropriate teaching strategies and partnerships within the community (UNESCO, 2003).Inclusion will not happen instantaneously but requires careful planning and thinking, positive attitudes and behaviour and utilising the necessary specialised support, accommodations and adaptations to ensure all children become part of the school (Burstein, Sears, Wilcoxen, Cabello & Spagna, 2004), actively participate in the education system and later become fully contributing members of society (Department of Education, 2001).Inclusive education is about ensuring that schools can meet the needs of all learners. It is therefore the responsibility of an inclusive school to embrace the diversity and special needs of all its learners, (Flem, Moen & Gudmundsdottir, 2004) identify and minimise the barriers to learning (Department of Education, 2001) and create a tolerant and respectful atmosphere in which people are valued and stigmatisation is minimised (Carrington & Robinson, 2004).All children thus need to be given the support they need so they can achieve success, feel a sense of security and belong to a community (Iarskaia-Smirnova, & Loshakova, 2004; Burke & Sutherland, 2004). Inclusive education also recognises that learning occurs both at home and in the community and the refore the support of parents, family and the community is vital (Department of Education, 2001). Truly inclusive schools understand the uniqueness of every child, that all children can learn and that all children have different gifts, strengths learning styles and needs.These schools then provide the appropriate means and support through which these needs can be met (UNESO, 2003) The varying ability of children in the classroom means that in order for all to be educationally challenged, teachers should arrange activities and set learning intentions in certain ways to ensure the equal opportunities of learning for all children. By examining the work of theorists, such as Piaget (1961) and Vygotsky (1978), the importance of motivating all children by providing challenging tasks is extremely significant.Of course these tasks must be differentiated to account for the range of ability in classrooms and it is therefore vital for teachers to acknowledge the level of individual children, s o that appropriate tasks can be set to fulfil certain goals and enhance learning It is important to remember that differentiation can also be present in gender, social class, ethnicity and religion. Teachers should provide all children with equal opportunities to their right to a fair education, building and developing the child's individual needs.Planning should accommodate for the differences in ability and performance of all children, ‘including the more able and those with special educational needs' (DFES, 2004,) Teachers should provide attention and individual support to all children and when they are busy with a ‘focus group' they should return to any other children who had problems when they can (DfES, S3. 2. 4). This essay has shown how inclusive education is not a straight forward process that can be implemented overnight. Rather it requires a lot of planning, support, resources and reviewing.There is extensive research that South Africa can use to make inclusiv e education successful in South Africa. The major obstacle preventing the successful implementation of inclusion in South Africa is not our lack of resources but rather the teachers' lack of knowledge about children with special needs and how to accommodate them in regular classes. On-going intensive training, professional development and support are therefore needed so that teachers' attitudes can become positive and their willingness to promote inclusion can be maximised.Teachers thus need to change their mindset, become more willing to try new and different curricular strategies, engage in more joint planning and cooperative learning strategies and believe that all children can learn (Schmidt ; Harriman, 1998). This can only be done however if teachers are equipped with the necessary skills needed to include all learners. Inclusion can become a practical process in South Africa as long as we look at what has made it successful in other countries and build on from there. Reference List 1. Allan, J. (2003). Productive pedagogies and the challenge of inclusion. † In British Journal of Special Education 30 (4): 175 – 179. 1. Ainscow, M, Booth, t & Dyson, A. (2004) â€Å"Understanding and developing inclusive practices in schools: a collaborative action research network. † In International Journal of Inclusive Education 8 (2): 125 – 139 1. Booth, T. (1996). â€Å"A Perspective on Inclusion from England. † In Cambridge Journal of Education 26 (1): 87 – 100. 1. Burke, K & Sutherland, C. (2004). â€Å"Attitudes toward Inclusion: Knowledge versus Experience. † In Education 125 (2): 163 – 172. . Burstein, N, Sears, S, Wilcoxen, A, Cabello, B, & Spagna, M. (2004). â€Å"Moving Toward Inclusive Practices. † In Remedial & Special Education 25 (2): 104 – 116. 1. Carrington, S & Robinson, R. (2004). â€Å"A case study of inclusive school development: a journey of learning. † In International Journ al of Inclusive Education 8 (2): 141 – 153 1. Cross, A. F, Traub, E. K, Hutter-Pishgahi, L & Shelton, G. (2004). â€Å"Elements of Successful Inclusion for Children with Significant Disabilities. † In Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 24 (3): 169 – 183 1.De Lange, J. P. (1989). Politics and Education. Pretoria. South Africa. 1. Department of Education. (2001). Education White Paper 6 on Special Needs Education: Building an Inclusive Education and Training System. Received from the World Wide Web on 20th July 2005. Web Address: http://education. pwv. gov. za 1. Deppeler, J & Harvey, D. (2004). â€Å"Validating the British Index for Inclusion for the Australian Context: Stage 1. † In International Journal of Inclusive Education 8 (2): 155 – 184 1. Flem, A, Moen, T & Gudmundsdottir, S. (2004). Towards inclusive schooling: a study of inclusive education in practice. † In European Journal of Special Needs Education 19 (1): 85 – 97 1. Forlin, C. (2004). â€Å"Promoting Inclusivity in Western Australian Schools. † In International Journal of Inclusive Education 8 (2): 185 – 202 1. Hegarty, S. Educating Children and Young People with Disabilities: Principles and the Review of Practice. Received from the World Wide Web on 20th July 2005. Web Address: http://unesdoc. unesco. org/images/0009/000955/095511eo. pdf 1. Hunt, P. , Staub, D. , Alwell, M. ; Goetz, L. (1994). â€Å"Achievement by all students within the context of cooperative learning groups. † In Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 19, 290-301. 1. Iarskaia-Smirnova, E. R ; Loshakova, I. I. (2004). â€Å"Inclusive Education of Handicapped Children. † In Russian Education and Society 46 (2): 63 – 74 1. Jobe, D, Rust, J. O, ; Brissie, J. (1996). â€Å"Teacher attitudes toward inclusion of students with disabilities into regular classrooms. † In Education 117(1), 234-245. 1. Peck, C. A, Stau b, D, Gallucci, C ; Schwartz, I. (2004). Parent Perception of the Impacts of Inclusion on their Nondisabled Child. † In Research & Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities 29 (2): 135 – 143 1. Raschke, D & Bronson, J. (1999). Creative Educators at Work: All Children Including those with Disabilities Can Play Traditional Classroom Games. Received from the World Wide Web on 20th July 2005. Web Address: http://www. uni. edu/coe/inclusion/philosophy/benefits. html. 1. Schmidt, M. W & Harriman, N. E. (1998). Teaching Strategies for Inclusive Classrooms. Harcourt Bruce College Publishers: New York. . Sharpe, M. , York, J, & Knight, J (1994). â€Å"Effects of inclusion on the academic performance of classmates without disabilities. † In Remedial and Special Education, 15, 281-287. 1. Stroeve, W. (1998). One of the Kids: Educating children with and without disabilities together in the same classes and schools. Received from the World Wide Web on 20th July 2005. Web Address www. aare. edu. au/03pap/hea03769. pdf 1. Turner, N. D & Traxler, M. (2000). Children's Literature for the Primary Inclusive Classroom. Delmar Thompson Learning: Africa. 1. UNESCO. (2003).Overcoming Exclusion through Inclusive Approaches in Education: A Challenge & a Vision – A Conceptual Paper. Received from the World Wide Web on 20th July 2005. Web Address: http://unesdoc. unesco. org/images/0013/001347/134785e. pdf 1. UNESCO. (1994). The Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs Education. Received from the World Wide Web on 20th July 2005. Web Address: http://www. unesco. org/education/information/nfsunesco/pdf/SALAMA_E. PDF 1. UNESCO. (2005). First Steps: Stories on Inclusion in Early Childhood Education. Received from the World Wide Web on 20th July 2005.Web Address: http://unesdoc. unesco. org/images/0011/001102/110238eo. pdf 1. UNESCO. (2001). Including the Excluded: Meeting Diversity in Education. Received from the World Wide Web on 20th J uly 2005. Web Address: http://dit-fs1. hq. int. unesco. org/ulis/docs/0012/001226/122613eo. pdf 1. Van Kraayenoord, C. (2003). â€Å"The Task of Professional Development. † In International Journal of Disability, Development and Education 50 (4): 363 – 365 1. Wong, A. I. P, Pearson, V & Kuen Lo, E. M. (2004). â€Å"Competing philosophies in the classroom: a challenge to Hong Kong teachers. â€Å"

Digital Advertising

Digital marketing uses the Internet and information technology to extend and improve traditional marketing functions. The science of digital marketing is about technology that delivers, measures and serves campaigns and messages to the right people at the right time. Reach is a simple but powerful criterion for success in marketing. Digital advertising refers to any advertising that is created and displayed using computer technology primarily based around the World Wide Web. Digital advertising is an important part of the digital marketing business.Digital advertising is very important for brands that seek to communicate and engage with their customers, especially when speaking in terms of purchase decision making and brand perception. In marketing, time spent with an advert is an important measure. There is a clear connection between the amount of time a user spends actively engaging with an online advert and a consumer’s subsequent behavior with that brand. It is now recogni zed that the web, e-mail and sms are part of everyday life. Digital advertising provides a richer and closer relationship with consumers. Digital advertising replaces disruption with engagement.Since many digital users are active, any response to a digital advert is almost always immediate. Digital advertising communicates with consumers in real time. Online advertising has become a very powerful tool for marketing over the last few years. Since the Internet has become a more popular form of entertainment than television for the younger generation, the use of digital advertising as entertainment as well as a platform to sell products has been a major success of advertising on the Internet. Ad operations are generally understood to be the intricate set of tasks that happen between online display advertising sales and billing.It is the technical and administration details that have to be put in place to make campaigns go live, run smoothly and deliver. It is the prerequisite for an ef fective online ad sales business. Some of the main areas of expertise within ad operations are: trafficking, creative testing, creative development, optimization, inventory forecasting, yield management and reporting. There are massive risks and costs associated with bad ad operations. One of the most visible impacts of bad ad operations is the creation of organizational noise and chaos.Late creative input, bad communication and missing paperwork creates a lot of internal stress and also impacts negatively on the consumer satisfaction of advertisers. The commercial impact is under delivery, non- compliance and discrepancies. The under delivery of a campaign can certainly be mitigated by a good ad ops team even though it cannot always be prevented. It is possible to reduce under delivery and under billing of campaigns by monitoring delivery throughout the campaign and clearly communicating technical specifications to agency contacts. The aim of good ad ops is to prevent discrepancies before they occur.Investigate them extensively and resolve them if they occur. When ad ops team don’t follow best practice guidelines discrepancies occur. The commercial impact of this is calculated by: % campaigns with discrepancies x average discrepancy rate x monthly sales. For publishers selling plenty of ads in a month, a good ad ops team is required to keep average discrepancy rates at the barest minimum and not to view high discrepancy rates as an occupational hazard. The negative brand impact of non compliance like running an ad from a restricted category (e. g. porn, religious) is massive on a brand name site.Ad ops creates a check and balance system to approve ads before they are sold and QA them before they go live. In addition to ensuring that all creatives fall in line with publisher’s editorial guidelines, good ad ops employs efficient methods for managing the complexity introduced by third party tags, rotation and geo- targeting. Networks must have effi cient ad ops department to deal with thousands of potential clients running on thousands of sites. Efficient ad ops teams keep networks on top of privacy issues. Ad ops teams deliver campaigns with incredible targeting, handle complex ad formats, forecast inventory and build workflow.

Selling Class Assignment

In this case, Margaret Sprunger is handling the sales rep Jenner is accused of passing confidential information. Firstly, Margaret should take further investigation on this case. She should investigate clearly that did Jenner pass the confidential information to Orthopedics. After the investigation, if she finds out that he really pass the confidential information to Orthopedics, the company can fire Jenner. It is illegal for any staff to participate in trading on the confidential information. And this case should send a memo to the whole company.This shows the employees that passing confidential information to others is a serious issue and can remind them the consequence of doing this If Margaret didn’t have any evidence to proof Jenner is convicted, she should explain to Bob Heckman about this issue. And also need to explain to Jenner the whole issue. Jenner may be upset by this issue and loss morale. The company should motivate Jenner. After that, the company should take so me action to minimize the possibility of sales rep to leak some confidential information to others. This is related to the ethical and legal responsibilities of the staff.The first thing is to set up the code of ethics in the company. A code of ethics  is a written ethical guideline to let the employees to follow. Having a code of ethics can show that the organization cares about whether its employees behave in an ethical manner. The company is responsible for establishing, communicating, and enforcing the ethical standards they expect their salespeople to follow. They should provide some training for them to understand the code of ethics as they may not know how to follow the ethical standard in some situation.In the training lessons, they will face some ethical dilemma, this gives them a guideline to handle it when they face in the selling process. Besides that, sales managers must ensure that their salespeople are aware of their legal responsibilities. They must provide trainin g with regard to their legal responsibilities. This can prevent them to do some illegal things. Sometimes they may not even know they are committing crime and don’t know the seriousness of some action like passing confidential information to others. The company should update them with the most recent court case and the enactment of laws.

Patient access, data mining and PHI Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Patient access, data mining and PHI - Essay Example However, the primary concern about the system is its ability to support use by people at different levels including patients without compromising the confidentiality of the patients’ data. Interoperability in the IT system also forms the primary concern in the success of the health information technology in US. Interoperability is the ability of the systems and devices to share information and interpret the shared information. There is a need to agree on system standards for them to be interoperable at any level (Melvin, 2009). Health IT vendors in US use system that are not interoperable. One of the causes of interoperability problem is databases being unable to share the information with different types of applications (Vidyarthi, 2012). The system used by health IT vendor is in a proprietary format limiting access and transfer of information between the various providers. The model used in the systems is not standard, and they use different coded languages making it hard to share the needed health information. Even when there is sharing of information, terminologies used may be incompatible with applications used. The systems inability to share information effectively makes it very hard to address medical care fragmentation and solve error issues arising due to lack of necessary

What is grammar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

What is grammar - Essay Example (Aitchison, 1993 p. 125) Respectively, grammar can be formal, notional, and functional. Formal grammar concentrates on the study of linguistic forms; it may apply formalized techniques of logic and mathematics. Notional, or semantic, grammar studies the meaning of linguistic patterns; it assumes the existence of extralinguistic categories in order to define grammatical units. Formal and notional grammars are competence grammars that center on the speaker’s knowledge of language (the rules the speaker must know to use the language properly). Competence grammar contrasts with functional grammar which studies the use of linguistic patterns in speech and writing. Competence grammars are primarily linguocentric; they study the language without its relation to the speakers and the situation of speech. Performance grammars are mostly anthropocentric; they consider the linguistic patterns used in speech and influenced by the characteristics of the speakers and the communicative situations. Lingocentric and anthropocentric grammars can be practical and theoretical. Practical, or normative, grammars are prescriptive; they attempt to establish rules for the correct use of language in society. The speakers of language use practical grammars as reference books. Theoretical grammars are descriptive; they provide a precise account of language in its actual usage. A theoretical grammar may go beyond the study of individual languages, in which case it uses linguistic data as a means of developing insights into the nature of language as such, and into the categories and processes needed for linguistic analysis. (Aitchison, 1993 p. 148) Theoretical grammars describing the linguistic patterns at a particular period of time are called synchronic grammars. Synchronic grammars comparing the systems of two or more languages are called comparative grammars. Along with synchronic grammars, there are diachronic, or historical, grammars that

The making of australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The making of australia - Essay Example To arrive at the beginning of the understanding, the life of aborigines of Australia depicted by Grimshaw is helpful. The rustic lifestyle of aborigines was found to be in equilibrium wherein confrontation between men and women was minimal. The cultural significance of giving birth to a child had been well understood to its grass root by the aborigines. The baby’s birthplace entrenched its niche in the social and physical world. The governments’ approach towards the pregnant women convicts and the care provided by the governments in the period of colonization and settlement could be seen as the aborigines’ basic attitude towards child nurturing. The economic status of aborigines was well depicted in the book by Grimshaw (1994). British elite group of women had around sixty eight essential materials like head bands, swaddling cloth etc, at the time of delivery for making a pregnant women to give birth to a child; even a poorer woman of British had forty to forty-five essentials. But Aboriginals had very little preparation for giving birth. The encounter between two sets of women reveals some of the ways in which British technological superiority and cultural arrogance were to determine future relations between the two groups. On several occasions, Aboriginal women used Government House and its well-guarded grounds as a refuge from attacks by their men, a function which the British upper class were pleased to perform in the name of chivalry. Here also, the game of chivalry was enjoyed by the British elite society, which fuelled the latent barbaric instinct in aborigines. The physical strength and the way Aboriginal women acted upon during and after delivery amazed many upper middle class British women and even Aboriginal men frown on their own women for doing lengthy walks and strenuous work during and after delivery. Aborigines’ treatment of male role in